Whereas past interventions designed to address cases of single nutrient deficiencies have achieved clear indicators of success, intervention trials that target a single class of nutrients to manage the emergence of metabolic diseases in the general population have not produced definitive results. To counter the increasing public health complications caused by changing nutrition practices, health organizations have provided dietary recommendations. In recent years, the upward trend is especially striking in developing countries where changes in diets and lifestyle accompany modernization. Over the last several decades, many jurisdictions around the world have witnessed the increasing prevalence of acquired metabolic syndromes, in particular obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases. It is also becoming apparent that intake of diets with low-energy density but high in nutrient diversity may be the key to promoting and maintaining optimal health. It is now evident that metabolism is influenced by extrinsic factors ( e.g., food, xenobiotics, environment), intrinsic factors ( e.g., sex, age, gene variations) as well as host/microbiota interaction, that together modify the risk for developing various acquired metabolic diseases. Studies have found that persistent disturbance of nutrient metabolism and/or energy homeostasis, caused by either nutrient deficiency or excess, induces cellular stress leading to metabolic dysregulation and tissue damage, and eventually to development of acquired metabolic syndromes. Some of these components are beneficial while others have toxic effects. These components and their metabolites can also regulate gene expression and cellular function via a variety of mechanisms.

The human diet is comprised of diverse components which include both nutrients, supplying the raw materials that drive multiple metabolic processes in every cell of the body, and non-nutrients. Nutrition transition, which includes a change from consumption of traditional to modern diets that feature high-energy density and low nutrient diversity, is associated with acquired metabolic syndromes.

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